The Treatment Prospects For Schizophrenia - 1571 Words

The Treatment Prospects for Schizophrenia Cecilia Pivarunas Northern Virginia Community College Abstract Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that can present in many different ways. Most often, symptoms display in a negative or positive manner. While medications are on the market to mitigate symptoms, the optimal treatment method couples both pharmaceutical and psychiatric rehabilitation. The Patient Outcomes Research Team, commonly called PORT, has issued treatment recommendations for Schizophrenia. The first publication, issued in 1998, has offered compiled research in the realm of Schizophrenia. The following paper will discuss the treatment options for Schizophrenia to reflect the 2003 guidelines of the PORT publication. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Updated treatment, Recommendations The Treatment Prospects for Schizophrenia In the DSM-5, Schizophrenia is termed as having both positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Negative symptoms, on the other hand, are anhedonia and depression. Anhedonia is the inability to gain pleasure from seemingly pleasurable experiences. The threshold for DSM-5 indicates that a person must show two or more symptoms to be considered Schizophrenic. The patient must display symptoms for a minimum of six months. A publication by Stephen Erhart, Stephen Marder and William Carpenter discusses the treatment of Schizophrenia (Erhart et al.,Show MoreRelatedTreatment Methods Of The Antipsychotic Drug Therapy1713 Words   |  7 Pages IV. Treatment- There are many beneficial treatment methods for schizophrenia. Of the most common treatment methods is the antipsychotic drug therapy. â€Å"A study done in 2013 of 43,049 patients, they compared the effectiveness and tolerance of fifteen antipsychotic drugs. The study found that all fifteen antipsychotic drugs were significantly more effective than placebos.† (Cetin, 2015, p.97) It has also been a well-known fact that those diagnosed with schizophrenia and not taking any antipsychoticRead MoreHomelessness Is Becoming An Epidemic1566 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in Persons with Persons with Schizophrenia Homelessness is increasingly becoming an epidemic in North America as many cities grabble with this menace. According to the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness, about 35000 Canadians are homeless on a given night, while 235,000 Canadians experience homelessness in a year. According to the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Homelessness Research Network, â€Å"homelessness is described as the situation of an individual or family without stableRead MoreA Beautiful Mind By John Nash1381 Words   |  6 Pagesthe story of Nobel Prize winner John Nash s struggle with schizophrenia. It follows his journey from where Nash is quite unaware of his delusional schizophrenia, full blown paranoia, to the place where Nash, his wife, and friends are contributing factors to his manageable condition seen in closing. The film offers much, and relevant insight into the psychological condition of schizophrenia, including information on the symptoms, the treatment and cures, the life for the individual and for the individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Lila And Eve Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesremove this when submitting your paper In the movie Lila and Eve Lila suffers from a number of disorders. All combined is what makes her schizophrenic. What I would like to know is can or did her major depression trigger Lila s schizophrenia? If so, how does schizophrenia and major depression go hand and hand as well as how does one go about treating both? In the movie Lila and eve, Lila is a single mother of two. Lila is struggling to raise to raise two boys, when her oldestRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Lila And Eve Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesIn the movie Lila And Eve Lila suffers from a number of disorders. All combined is what makes her schizophrenic. What I would like to know is can or did her major depression trigger Lila s schizophrenia? If so how does schizophrenia and major depression go hand and hand as well as how does one go about treating both. In the movie Lila and eve, Lila is a single mother of two. Lila is struggling to raise to raise two boys, when her oldest son Stephen is killed in a driveRead MoreThe Emergency 911 Call Goes1405 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies indicate that 30% of patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder have a microdeletion at chromosome 22q11. Also, another group of studies identified the gene G72/G30 at chromosome 13q33.2 as a susceptibility gene for child-hood-onset schizophrenia and psychosis not otherwise specified (Farlex, nd). According to Farlex (nd), up to 5% of the general population is affected by dysthymic disorder commonly known as mood disorder. On the downside, its cause is not well understood. What is understoodRead MoreCan Depakote, An Antipsychotic Drug With A Bad Rap Change A Teenager s Life?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies indicate that 30% of patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder have a microdeletion at chromosome 22q11. Also, another group of studies identified the gene G72/G30 at chromosome 13q33.2 as a susceptibility gene for child-hood-onset schizophrenia and psychosis not otherwise specified (Farlex, nd). According to Farlex (nd), up to 5% of the general population is affected by dysthymic disorder commonly known as mood disorder. On the downside, its cause is not well understood. What is understoodRead MoreFuture Of Ptsd Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesillnesses have always been present in human society, and will likely always exist. However, this does not mean that the effects of said illnesses cannot be mitigated. Though slow, progress is being made on the subject through research on new drugs, treatments, and prevention methods. Ranging from actual medications to a strong communities, the possibilities of PTSD number more than ever before. According to MedlinePlus.gov, a free website sponsored by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the NationalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1814 Words   |  8 PagesSchizophrenia is a disorder that involves a variety of symptoms that can be classified into three overall different areas that affect a person such as cognitive, behavioral and emotional dysfunctions. Persons who are affected by Schizophrenia experience difficulties with impaired occupational or social functioning. These effects of these difficulties can be seen in nearly all areas of one’s life. Individuals who are affected by schizophrenia could display behaviors that do not match the situations;Read MoreA New Form Of Punishment And Social Control823 Words   |  4 Pagesand Schneither describe the medicalization of deviance as â€Å"deviant behaviours that were once defined as immoral, sinful, or criminal have been given medical meanings. Some say that rehabilitation has replaced punish ment, but in many cases medical treatments have become a new form of punishment and social control† (1992, 1). Rhodes points out our attitude toward medicalization as â€Å"†¦the vulnerability of self, body, and society to illness engages us, to a greater or lesser extent depending on context

Financial and Management Accounting Individual Assignment Essay

Essays on Financial and Management Accounting Individual Assignment Essay Worplestrop Partnership’s costing and information system This report provides Worplestrop Partnership management with the product cost and budgetary control methodologies options and recommends the most appropriate in line with its business model. It outlines the vital information outputs given by the costing system that helps management in decision making. Lastly, it provides sample reports to the employees to assist in making operational adjustments to keep the business profitable. Tracking expenditures is a vital task in a company as the management needs to continually establish if the business is running profitably. Costing systems helps in this task as it provides data output that is incorporated into the company’s accounting system. These systems therefore allow for timely production of user specific reports used for strategic, operational and tactical decision making, by the management, to position the company in a positive growth path. It also allows the management to obtain business performance cost; this is turnover less other operational expenses and overhead costs. This information shows company profitability when needed and not necessarily at the end of a trading period (Bhimani et al, 2008)1. Product cost This is the total cost of materials used by Worplestrop Partnership plus the cost of labour and overheads used to make the final product offered to the market. It also includes other expenses for instance, advertisement costs which is used to market the same product. When entering this in accounting books, it is charged to cost of goods sold in the income statement provided by the partnership. Direct costing: this uses the cost of materials, overhead costs and labour as a determinant of cost of goods sold. It does not take in to cognisance the machine depreciation used to change the product form and other costs for instance, those associated with delivery delays. Standard costing: Worplestrop Partnership may want to incorporate the expected costs to the overall figures to get a more accurate determination of product cost. The calculation is based on the bill of materials (BOM) and the expected product demand. This form of costing is used to set the target product level on a daily basis and is vital for a complex production business as it gives detailed reports used in improving operational efficiency and cost reduction initiatives. This method is thus ideal for this company (Bragg, 2001)2. Budgetary control methodologies When undertaking specific business activities, budgets, matched with the relevant expertise, are prepared to ensure a steady flow of the process. Budgetary control is necessary in determining if the realised results are within the budgetary limits. If there are variances that show inefficient use of company resources, the individuals tasked to carry out the functions bear responsibility for the discrepancy. The management, in consultation with other staff, then re-evaluates the original plan to make the process more cost effective. These are the three budgetary control methodologies Worplestrop Partnership will use when undertaking its specific tasks: Variance analysis: this is a monthly review of these specific projects to compare attained results with the corresponding budgetary allocation. It provides timely results used by the management to adjust plans without necessarily waiting on the bi-annual budget cycle review. The variance in this case can be either negative or positive depending on employee efficiency. Forecasting: this is a detailed foresight that helps the management set out a project implementation plan. Different departments within Worplestrop Partnership prepare their own plans, with the corresponding resource determination, which are then taken to the board for review. Any multiplicity of functions is removed to encourage efficient use of resources. The resultant product should be flexible to allow for periodic review when need be in restructuring the process. Control centres: there are specific centres within a company responsible for maintaining company budget in expected levels. These are closely monitored to maintain business operations at a steady pace with adequate resource allocations. The four centres of responsibility are the revenues, expenses, investment and profit. These are entries in the periodically produced cash flow statements which determine company profitability. In the balance sheet, the working capital is determined by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. However, the accountants should go deeper by noting the money tied up in running stock which form part of assets and money owed by the customers on already delivered goods or services. A declining working capital is a symbol of operational inefficiencies (Jones, 2004)3. Variance analysis is the ideal methodology Worplestrop Partnership can use to monitor its operations as it gives timely reviews of budget plans. This is unlike the control centres methodology which is normally evaluated during accounts reconciliation at the end of a trading period. It reduces budget rigidity as it allows for alteration of these processes for maximum productivity. Information outputs at operational, tactical and strategic levels Detailed outputs are used by the management to determine if the inputs are used efficiently in company operations. The following are the examples of information outputs that support decision making at the three levels: Strategic: these decisions deal with long term business objectives. The outputs assisting the management in decision making at this level include: business description in terms of its nature and culture, this is used in setting long term business goals and align it with its vision. The identified competition also helps in making the partnership design its products in a way that appeals to the market. This also shapes marketing and publicity campaign strategies. Operational: these decisions assign resources and people to specific tasks in daily business operations, the outputs include: the total cost of goods sold, which is used to determine the market price of the product. Another output is demand estimations which determines the number of products supplied to the market on a daily basis. Tactical: these are decisions aimed at assisting the company achieve overall objectives. An example of information output used to come up with such determination is a measurement of employee capability. This helps in analysing human resource requirements that helps in attaining overall company goals. Routine and â€Å"on-demand† reports Balance sheet: It lists the assets, liabilities and working capital at the end of a trading period. In strategic decision making, this report helps the management in determining the right and number of equipment to aid in the production process. This form part of the fixed company assets and is a measure of its capital base (Palepu Healy, 2008)4. Profit and loss account: This is a breakdown showing company’s income and expenditure which is then used to determine the attained earnings over a definite period. This will show the sales volumes and company expenses which the management uses for making operational decisions for instance, increasing market price to reflect high production cost. This maintains the product mark-up at a profitable rate. Cash flow statement: This periodic report helps management track financing activities in a company. Capital flow is monitored to ensure resources are allocated to the right projects in tactical and strategic decision making. For instance, it helps the management evaluate investment options when undertaking an expansion program. Bibliography Bhimani, A., Horngren, C. T., Datar, S. M., Foster, G. (2008). Management and cost accounting (4th ed.). Harlow [etc.: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Bragg, S. M. (2001). Cost accounting a comprehensive guide. New York: John Wiley. Jones, T. T. (2004). Business economics and managerial decision making. Chichester, England: J. Wiley. Palepu, K. G., Healy, P. M. (2008). Business analysis valuation: using financial statements (4th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.

Song Dynasty Poetry Essay Example For Students

Song Dynasty Poetry Essay Song dynasty classical poetry (shi) is often called philosophical (li) ? compared to the more emotional (qing) ? poetry of earlier dynasties. I believe this statement is true since Song shi has always been implanted some rational truth/connotation and there are few examples to illustrate why I will stand for this side. By looking at Visiting west-of-the-mountain village ? by Lu You, this is an excellent poetry that describes countrysides people and their simple lifestyles. Lu wrote about how beautiful is the scenery with mountains and rivers, and he put some his own philosophy into the view. Hills in layers, stream after stream, it seems theres no way through; willows conceal, the flower are bright, then here is another village ?, if we just look at this poetry directly, we will have a view that Lu is hiking, walking along the rivers, enjoying the beauty of nature; however, as he keeps walking into the green mountains, he sees lot more vegetation lush, winding trails, which makes him more difficult to identify the following path. When he is confused about where he should go next, he saw some peasant huts, looming between the flower and trees pond. He finds a new village and he is enlightened. We know that how excited and happy he would be because we can just imagine when we are getting lost in a mountain, and then suddenly we find a way out. So this poem seems to be talking about the poet personal qing with these charming, cheerful and, lively sentences. However, if we talk about this poem now, it would be probably when someone gets stuck about his learning and study, which is similar to the poem (getting confused and not sure whether they are on the right track). If, however, perseverance to move forward, just like what the poet does in the poem, hold the faith, and they will finally see a ray of light ahead of them, which will lead them to a new world of unprecedented. This poem is used to inspire people nowadays, and I think this is the real message what Lu You wants to bring out, a philosophy of what he believes. For a Song shi, it often describes from two sides. One is grieving and passionate, which is always about taking a national revenge, to fight back the lost territory, and free the people who are captured by the enemy. The other one is talking about leisurely exquisite living style, reviews about the current life and then point out the hidden meaning behind the daily life. Lu Yous Visiting west-of-the-mountain village ? is the second type of Songs poetry. At that moment, Lu was dismissed from his job from the imperial court, and stayed at home have nothing to do. The reason he got expelled is his peer did not like him. After he went back home, he was depressed and distressing; however, he still held his faith. He felt hopeful about his rural life because of his patriotism, and he put all this feeling into poetry creation, which made him a legend in the history. We can see that even he has been excluded and disadvantaged ringleader, his patriotic enthusiasm has not been cut by a little. There is also another famous poetry, which is created by Lu You. It is named For My Son ?, Lu created this out when he is dying on his bed. In the poem, it expressed that Lu You still cannot see the day that Song dynasty can rise again. This has shown a strong patriotic passion of Lu. Forget not in our family rites to let this old man know. ? Lu knew that everything would be meaningless to him after he dies, but there is still one thing he cannot give up on. It is Song still cannot quell the whole China, and this is his last wish. Therefore, when he is on his deathbed, he still told his kids that if Song could really quell one day, do not forget to tell him the good news of victory even he is dead. .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .postImageUrl , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:hover , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:visited , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:active { border:0!important; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:active , .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6 .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18219fc320a8dc8ef08001d5928e96d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Test EssayThe shi shows a painful sincere emotion with a text plain, which also showed that how Lu believed that Song could finally restore one day. For My Son ? is a summary of the poets lifetime of revenge and lofty ideal. It is also the artwork of his patriotism thought. He believes that Song will one day be unified. There is nothing about his own family in his last poem, the only thing he cared about before his death is his lovely nation. The only regret he has is he cannot see his nation being rise again. The li from this poem is patriotism should be our infinite and unique faith. Dying now, I know full well that nothing truly matters, and yet I am sad I didnt not see China united once more ?. From the inspiration of this shi, Lu only wanted to tell us one thing, how to shape our personality to be a good person, to be a patriotic person. From the two shi I have discussed above, Song poetry focuses more on reasoning, and expression on inspiration a fact. The poetry would be fill with the poet thought and some philosophical ideas. Song poetry is meaningful, inspirational, poetic flavor and stimulated the enthusiasm of our exploration of truth more than expressing personal emotion.

Money as a form of motivation in the work place

Motivation is described as the forces that account for the stimulation, assortment, course and continuance of behavior[1]. This then means that quite a number of things can motivate people as motivation is goal oriented behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money as a form of motivation in the work place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People tend to do things for the rewards they will receive at the end of the task or at the end of a period of time. Money, at the work place is one of the things that get people to work harder. This then shows that money can and is used as a motivational factor in the work place so that employees can strive to give their best and their all at the end of the day. Nowadays, people tend to look at how much they are going to get paid rather than job satisfaction, hence in this light money becomes a motivational force for the workplace and for the employees. In short, money makes people wake up in the morning to go to work, sit behind a desk for eight or more hours and go back home tired at the end of the day ready to repeat the whole process again the following day. When workers are money motivated, they will carry out their duties effectively, efficiently and thoroughly so that they can make as much money as possible in the shortest time possible. According to management study guide, Motivation is very important in an organization as it improves the level of efficiency of employees which in turn leads to an increase in productivity, reducing the cost of operations and improving overall efficiency. Motivation in the work place also leads to achievement of organizational goals. Organizational goals are achieved when co-ordination and cooperation take place at the same time which can effectively be achieved through money motivation[2]. Motivation plays a big role when it comes to survival of organizations. If the way to fully motivate employees is to offer th em money then organizations will offer their employees money so as to motivate them fully in their work therefore improving the organization as a whole. Employers need to also appreciate what inspires employees within the environment of their work and the responsibility that they perform.[3] There are theories of motivation of employees that are linked to money in one way or another. Different researchers came up with different theories explaining the needs of workers:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Abraham Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory (1983), â€Å"Employees have five levels of needs: physiological, safety, social, ego and self-actualizing. Physiological needs are important as they sustain human life and one cannot survive without them. They are; food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep, medicine and education. Safety needs are the needs to be free of ph ysical danger, fear of losing a job, property, and protection against emotional harm. Social needs include the need to belong and acceptance from others not forgetting the need for affection and friendship. Ego/esteem needs include satisfaction of power, prestige status and self confidence while self actualization is the drive to become â€Å"what one is capable of becoming, it includes growth, achieving one’s potential and self fulfillment†[4]. (Maslow 1943) Maslow insisted that for one to move on successfully to the next level, the wishes at the lower level have to be completely achieved and fulfilled so as to be motivated by the higher needs level. In simple terms, for example, one would not be motivated by social status before he has achieved security or one would not be motivated by safety before he can afford the basic needs, food, shelter, clothing, education, medication, water and sleep. This shows that individuals have to work hard to get enough money so as to satisfy their needs and the needs of their dependants fully. In such a scenario, an employee would be motivated by the money he receives at the end of the work period as then would the employee be able to fulfill his needs therefore proving Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory. According to Shah, and Professor Shah; and Vroom in reference to Vroom’s Valence x Expectancy theory: employee effort will lead to performance which will lead to rewards. The theory focuses on three things: efforts and performance relationship, performance and reward relationship, rewards and personal goal relationship[5]. The theory states that the force of inclination to behave in a certain way depends on the strength of anticipation that the act will be followed by a specific result and on the allure of that result to the individual. In simple terms, valence x expectancy theory states that an employee can be motivated to work harder when their belief is that hard work will result in awareness of individual targets in form of some prize; the prize in this case being money.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money as a form of motivation in the work place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rewards can either be positive or negative, the more positive the reward the higher the level of motivation of the employee goes, while the more negative the reward, the less the level of motivation for the employee. In this sense money is seen as the positive reward, encouraging the employee to work harder and more effectively as the results of the employee’s hard work are positive, generating money for the employee, while loss of income is looked as the negative reward. Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory states that certain aspects in the work place result in job satisfaction but when these aspects are abolished they lead to dissatisfaction.[6] In his theory Herzberg states that intrinsic factors are rela ted to job satisfaction, while extrinsic aspects are related to dissatisfaction. He based this theory on the question: â€Å"what do people want from their Jobs? he carried out a research and concluded that removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying.† He claims that certain aspects when present in the work place make employees more motivated to work but when these aspects are absent, there is less motivation in the work place. In this scenario money bonuses can be seen as the aspect that brings more motivation to the work place and when there is absence of money there is less motivation amongst the employees. For example, if employees are told they will be paid extra money to come to work during public holidays and weekends, majority of the employees will show up as they are expecting a bonus which is in form of a sum of money at the end of the day. In this way money acts as a motivator to the employees who would give up the ir weekends and holidays with the aim of receiving a certain amount of money. Herzberg pointed out that there are two types of peoples needs: hygiene factors create dissatisfaction when they are missing and create satisfaction when they are there , employees often tend to take existence of these factors for granted for example; salary, working conditions, or job security. Motivators; contribute to satisfaction for example recognition in the work place, promotion, responsibility just to mention but a few. To achieve high motivation and employee output, motivation and hygiene factors must be used together[7]. In reference to Jeremy Bentham’s the carrot and stick approach, individuals are driven by their own self-interest and they are motivated by the desire to avoid pain at all costs and achieve maximum pleasure at the lowest possible cost. â€Å"An employee will work only if the reward is attractive and big enough or if the punishment is sufficiently horrible.†Advertisi ng Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The carrot in this theory refers to the rewards while the stick refers to the punishment, in simpler terms employers use the system of rewards and punishment to induce certain behavior traits in their employees. In majority of motivational theories, some kind of ‘carrot’ are recognized and awarded to individuals in this case money, or some form of financial bonuses like a paid vacation, a company car that one does not have to fuel are used as motivational aspects for employees to keep working hard so that they can enjoy the financial rewards at the end of the day. The issue with the carrot approach is that more often than not, individuals get the reward, in spite of their performance levels. The stick on the other hand refers to the punishments accorded to individuals who do not perform their duties well. In the form of fear; fear of loss of job, loss of income, reduction of a bonus, demotion or some other form of consequence has, is, and will still continue being an ef fective way of motivation among employees. The thought of loosing ones job and not having a steady income creates fear in the employees who work hard to keep their jobs and secure their income. The stick approach results in poor quality work, defensive behavior from the employees and it is not the best way to use when it comes to motivation of employees. Through the stick approach employees tend to fear and work because they have no other choice and they want to keep their jobs and get income at the end of the day. In using the carrot and stick approach to influence motivation among employees one ought to be careful so that the rewards, money and the penalties that is, loss of employment balance out. In this way an employer will have a peaceful working environment for his employees and himself. Money offers and financial bonuses should be attractive enough and sufficient enough for the employee needs so that they can work hard not only for their benefit but for the benefit of the em ployer and organization at large[8]. According to B.F. Skinner he uses the term operant conditioning to illustrate the effects of the outcomes of a specific character trait on the future repetition of the particular behavior. â€Å"There are four kinds of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive and negative reinforcement fortify behavior while on the other hand punishment and extinction deteriorate behavior.† Positive reinforcement encourages behavior in that it offers rewards after certain good behaviors are observed for example; if your work is outstanding one gets an extra bonus and perhaps a promotion. Negative reinforcement on removes a stress factor as a result of good behavior. For example, economic sanctions being lifted from a country due to an improvement on their corruption levels. Extinction refers to getting no reward for something one has done. For example: if one is not getting paid for overtime, they stop working over time. Punishment is where one has to pay for their behaviors, for example; not getting paid the day one comes into work late[9]. In this case of operant conditioning money can be seen as positive and negative reinforcement. This means that the rewards an employee gets for working hard are in form of money either a bonus, or an increase in salary the more the money, the higher the level of motivation among employees . Punishment and extinction in this case can be looked at as loss of work, loss of a steady income and this will lower motivation levels among the employees. People have witnessed workers striking around the world due to payment issues that have arisen from delayed wages, salary arrears, more taxes, or minimum wages. Employee strikes have become a common site mostly due to the financial situations. When employees refuse to work and strike or go on a go-slow, the employer suffers a lot as work becomes stagnant. Most employees strike due to lack of m otivation in the financial aspect. In the United Kingdom, college staff of the University and College Union went on strike over pay changes. The employees were demanding a standardized payment scheme while the college was proposing a new scheme that would pay employees according to the number of people passing a course. From this example, we see that the financial security of the employees was threatened hence they decided to go on strike to force their employer to reconsider his decision. We see that indeed money was the motivating factor here and since money was to be taken out of the picture, the employees reacted and made their opinions known as well as securing their income[10]. In England, July 8th 2010, 200 workers walked out of the Astrum plant in Stanhope that manufactures tank track over lack of a pay rise that was to be given during the year. The employees, complained that overtime had been banned and that talks for a pay rise had not succeeded. This shows that the overti me and pay raise motivated the employees to work hard and gave them an incentive to go to work each morning as they knew that they would have something to look forward to at the end of the day. This price they were looking forward to was the overtime pay and the pay rise which when both of them were canceled pushed the workers to strike. This shows that money is indeed a motivational factor in the work place and that without money work would not take place as effectively as it should.[11] In Middle East, the first ever workers strike was witnessed in Turkey, in the IT sector on the 9th of July 2010. The employees went on strike claiming that their salaries were far much lower than those who worked in other companies in the same positions. This shows that the employees felt cheated and used as their knowledge and hard work was not being rewarded accordingly. These employees wanted to feel appreciated by their colleagues and their employer and wanted to feel equal to their fellow empl oyees who worked in other companies. They claimed that collective bargaining about the salaries and failed and that they would resume work only if their salaries were raised to the standard of their colleagues in other companies.[12] In Africa, Egyptian textile workers recommence their demonstrations over owing wages after guarantees of payments went unpaid for four months. The workers had not received payment from the year 2007; this made the workers vow not to go back to work until they were paid. Abraham Maslow’s notes â€Å"after a 21- day sit-in by employees outside parliament buildings, an agreement between the Manpower Ministry and Immigration and Bank Misr agreed that the employees were going to be paid LE 106 million which they were owed.†[13] This scenario shows and reinforces the idea that money is a huge motivational factor when it comes to employees as without money the employees do not work. When these Egyptian employees were promised to be paid the first time they went back to work hoping that the employer would keep his word and pay them as he had promised. After four months of no pay, the aggravated employees decided to go on strike and even sit outside parliament buildings to make sure that their voices were heard and their needs taken care off. If money was not a motivational factor for employees they would not have gone on strike they would have kept on working but because money is a big motivational factor for employees they went on strike and demanded to be paid for their hard work[14]. In Nigeria, health and medical workers suspended their on-going industrial action because the government agreed to pay 50% of their arrears. They however gave the government an ultimatum that if their arrears were not going to be paid in the course of a week’s time they would resume their industrial action. This shows that money is the underlying factor for employees in all job sectors. If the health workers go on strike it means sick people are suffering more than they should be as they are not being attended they way they should be attended to. The Nigerian government then shifted the payment issue to the bank claiming that the banks were holding the money for their own selfish interests. This however does not matter to the employees as all they want is their money paid so that they could fulfill the needs and wants. This situation again shows distinctively that money is an underlying factor that motivates employees to work and work hard for that matter[15] In conclusion, this paper has proved that indeed money is a motivational factor in relation to employees at the work place. Nobody wants to get tired working for nothing so the incentives at the end of the day, that is salary and bonuses give individuals the strength and zeal to work everyday without complaining that they have to go thorough the same routine every single day. Money has become a motivational factor at the workplace because every single thing in the world is becoming expensive due to the inflation rates that seem to be escalating every single day. Without money, it is extremely difficult for one to survive so one has to work hard at their jobs so as to earn enough money to sustain themselves and their dependants. Money is the driving force behind all jobs that an individual takes up. Majority of employees all want to become millionaires or billionaires at one point in their lives so that they could stop working and sit back and enjoy the fruits of their labor Money motivates and provides incentives to employees to give their all when at work as once they have the money in their hands there is a level of satisfaction that they have achieved and this satisfaction encourages then to work more harder so as keep getting the money. Money is a motivational factor for employees as it allows them to purchase luxury items and enjoy their money in any way they feel like. Without money many people who are employees in one place or a nother, would not be able to purchase items like cars, houses, entertainment systems for their houses just to mention but a few. Money also brings about status quo among employees and respect. In the world today, the more money you have the more respect you get from other people. Individuals tend to compare themselves in terms of how much money they have in their bank accounts. Musicians are producing songs about how much money they have so as to get respect not only from their peers but also from other people. The kind of car one drives and the kind of house one lives in will earn one respect and this is all possible because of the amount of money one has that comes from ones hard work. In short money makes the world go round, if one has enough money, ones world will spin smoothly and efficiently according to his needs, on the other hand if one does not have money, yes, ones world will spin but it will have difficulties and major ones for that matter as one will be unable to take c are of his needs let alone the needs of the people who depend on him. Money is a form of motivation for employees in that the more they work, the more money they get to contribute to their monthly pensions and the more the monthly pensions gain interest therefore at the end of the working term, one will be looking forward to a huge amount of money that resulted from his hard work. For Example, retirements benefits corporate offer this attractive package to employees increasing their motivation in their work. Bibliography An, ‘Theories of motivation’, Analytictech , 2003, Retrieved from http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/motivation.htm An, ‘Importance of motivation’, Management study guide, 2001, Retrieved from http://www.managementsudyguide.com/importance_of_motivation.htm Bentham, J., Jeremy Bentham: Life, Influence and Perspectives on his thought, Routledge, New York, 1993. Biehler, R. Snowman, J., Psychology Applied to Teaching, 12th ed, Houghton Mifflin , New York, 1997. Knights, D Willmott, H, Organizational behavior and management, London, Thomson Learning, 2007. Maslow, A H, ‘A theory of human motivation,’ Psychological Review, vol. 25, 1943, pp. 370-396. Shah. K Shah, J P, Vroom,V. H. work and motivation, Laynetworks, 2000, Retrieved from http://laynetworks.com/theories-of-motivation.html Ukwuoma, B, Muanya, C Olayinka C, ‘Health workers suspend strike, govt to pay 50% arrears’, 2000, Retrieved from http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=6107z=12 Vroom, V.H. Work and Motivation, Krieger Publishing Company, Manhattan,1982, pp. 48. ‘Workers Struggles: Europe, Middle East Africa’, World Socialist 2010, Retrieved from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/wrks-j16.shtml Footnotes R Biehler J Snowman, Psychology Applied to Teaching, 12th ed. Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1997, 399. Management study guide: importance of motivation V h Vroom, Work and Motivation, Krieger Publishing Company, M anhattan, 1982, pp. 48. A Maslow, ‘A theory of human motivation,’ Psychological Review, vol. 25, 1943, pp. 370-396. K Shah J Shah, Vroom,V. H. work and motivation, Laynetworks, 2000, Retrieved from http://laynetworks.com/theories-of-motivation.html D Knights H Willmott, Organizational behavior and management, London, Thomson Learning, 2007, 83. D Knights H Willmott, Organizational behavior and management, London, Thomson Learning, 2007, 104. J Bentham, Jeremy Bentham: Life, Influence and Perspectives on his thought, Routledge, New York, 1993, 65. An, ‘Theories of motivation’, Analytictech.com, 2003, Retrieved from http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/motivation.htm ‘Workers Struggles: Europe, Middle East Africa’, World Socialist, 16th July 2010, viewed on http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/wrks-j16.shtml ‘Workers Struggles: Europe, Middle East Africa’, World Socialist, 16th July 2010, viewed on http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/wr ks-j16.shtml ‘Workers Struggles: Europe, Middle East Africa’, World Socialist, 2010, Retrieved from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/wrks-j16.shtml A H Maslow, ‘A theory of human motivation,’ Psychological Review, vol. 25, 1943, pp. 370-396. ‘Workers Struggles: Europe, Middle East Africa’, World Socialist, 2010, Retrieved from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/wrks-j16.shtml B Ukwuoma, C Muanya C Olayinka, ‘Health workers suspend strike, govt to pay 50% arrears’, 2000, Retrieved from http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=6107z=12 This essay on Money as a form of motivation in the work place was written and submitted by user Lilly Cunningham to help you with your own studies. 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